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A hernia is a protrusion of part of an organ through the muscle wall that surrounds it. A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes up into the chest through a small opening (called the hiatus) in the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest.
Most of the time, a hiatal hernia is small enough not to cause any symptoms and you may never know you have one. However, if your hiatal hernia is large enough, the opening in the diaphragm increases, allowing more of your stomach and sometimes other organs to slide into your chest. Sometimes, the hernia squeezes your stomach, causing restriction and discomfort. The stomach may rotate and twist as well. This results in the retention of acid, which can easily back up into your esophagus, causing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), heartburn, chest pain, swallowing problems, and breathing problems.
Hernias are referred to by various names including hiatal hernia, paraesophageal hernia, and the rarest, diaphragmatic hernia.
Hernias are also categorized by their size and configuration. The vast majority are called Type I, or sliding Hiatal hernias. In this type of hernia, the stomach intermittently slides up into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm.
Types II, III, and IV hernias are called paraesophageal hernias, which happen when a portion of the stomach pushes up into the chest adjacent to the esophagus. These hernias are much less common, but more concerning because the blood supply to the stomach can be threatened and symptoms tend to be more severe.
The cause of hernias is unknown. Men and women of all ages can develop a hernia, but possible triggers include the following:
Persistent pressure on the muscles of the hiatus caused by:
Most of the time, a hernia does not cause symptoms but when it does they include:
More severe symptoms are usually associated with a paraesophageal hernia. Those signs and symptoms include:
Abdominal bleeding, the signs of which can be:
Patients with paraesophageal hernias may have a significant portion of their stomach or other abdominal organs push up into their chest. In severe cases, the stomach or abdominal organs may rotate or twist, causing severe pain. This is a medical emergency and will likely require immediate surgery.
After a careful medical exam and taking your medical history, your board-certified thoracic surgeon may order one or more of the following tests to determine the cause of your symptoms:
Hernias can often be monitored regularly. However, treatment may be necessary if the hernia is:
Laparoscopic surgery to reduce the size of the hernia or to prevent strangulation by closing the opening in the diaphragm. We perform laparoscopic operations by inserting a small video camera into the abdomen and viewing the procedure on a monitor, giving them better visualization and access. A fundoplication is performed in addition to reducing the hernia to help decrease acid and fluid from coming up from the stomach after the hernia is repaired. Fundoplication is usually performed as a laparoscopic procedure.
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